Farm animals require energy for various metabolic functions. Essentially, respiration is a catabolic process that involves breaking down of glucose or simple sugar to liberate energy from the oxygen that is breathe in or inhalation.
carbonIVoxide and water are produced as waste products.
C6H12062+602 6C02+6H20+
energy
The lung is a
respiratory organ which is enclosed in the thorax of the farm animal. It is
lined with blood vessel and mass of little thin wall sack called Alveoli
which leads to Bronchiole which in turn leads to Bronchi that is
connected to the inside through trachea.
INHALATION (Breathing in)
This occurs when the
thoracic cavity enlarges by the contraction of the diaphram and the ribs are
raised up to draw in air (oxygen) into
the lungs. The oxygen from the air sack diffuses into the capillary, from it,
it is transported by the blood to the living tissues.
EXHALATION (Breathing out)
In this
process the thoracic cavity decreases and the diaphram fastens out and the ribs
are lowered to removed carbonIVoxide and water from the lung.
RESPIRATION IN BIRDS
Birds
have thin lungs which are supplemented with four pairs of air sack and one
single air sack. The air sacks are:
1.
The
abdominal air sack
2.
The
intercavilar air sack
3.
The
cervical air sack
4.
The
anterior and posterior air sack
The lungs are active
while the sacks are passive in respiratory exchange. The air sacks connect the
bones to the ribs, to the legs, thoracic and cervical vertebra. Their bones are
hollow and they are connected to the air sack and make the birds tight and
buoyant which helps the birds to fly.
BLOOD
CIRCULATION IN FARM ANIMALS
The blood is made up
of liquid plasma which contains a mixture of blood cells, the plasma is a pale
yellowish liquid that is mainly water. It contains many dissolved substances
such as plasma protein, antibodies, hormones, enzymes, dissolved gases, salts,
digested food materials and waste products of metabolism. The blood cells are
made up of:
1.
Red
blood cells (Erythrocytes):
2.
White
blood cells (Leucocytes)
3.
Platelets
RED BLOOD CELLS
The
inside of the red blood cells is completely filled with an oxygen carrying
pigment called hemoglobin, adult red blood cell has no nucleus its main
function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
They are
larger than the red blood cells and they have nucleus. They also help in
fighting disease attack in the body.
PLATELETS
They are
tiny irregular cell fragments which do not contain nucleus, they produce an
important factor which initiates the blood clotting process
FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
1.
Transportation
of oxygen, carbonIVoxide, urea, digested food and hormones.
2.
Heat
distribution or temperature control
3.
It
helps to fight against diseases
4.
It
minimizes loss of blood through clotting
PARTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1.
Arteries: These are thick
walled vessels that carry blood under pressure from the heart to all parts of
the body. The largest of them is the aorta. Each artery divides the small hair-like
vessels called capillary. All arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the
heart except the pulmonary artery which carried deoxygenated blood.
2.
Veins: They are blood vessels
which returns deoxygenated blood from other parts of the body to the heart. The
pulmonary vein is an exception because it carries oxygenated from the heat.
3.
capillaries
PROCESS/MECHANISM
OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
The heat brings
about two types of circulation that occur simultaneously
1.
Systemic
circulation
2.
Pulmonary
or lung circulation
SYSTEMIC
CIRCULATION
This is the movement of oxygenated blood from the
heart through the aorta to all parts of the body and subsequent return of
deoxygenated blood into the heat for pulmonary purification in it, oxygenated
blood leaves the heat through the left auricles or return to the left
ventricle. The left ventricle then pumps it to the aerta to supply all parts of
the body.
PULMONARY OR LUNGS CIRCULATION
This
carries deoxygenated blood to and from the lungs for the renewal of oxygen. It
begins from the right ventricle of the heat through the pulmonary artery to the
lungs for oxygenation and back through the pulmonary vein to the left auricle.
The liver is the only organ that receives double supply of blood.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
The
following are excretory organs and their waste products
1.
Liver: bile as a waste product
2.
Kidney: urine as a waste
product
3.
The Lungs: CarbonIVoxide
4.
Skin: sweat
FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER
1.
It
helps in the regulation of blood sugar
2.
It
helps in the fat metabolism
3.
It
helps in the formation of bile
4.
Maintenance
of body heat
5.
It
helps in the manufacturing of plasma protein
6.
It
helps in the storage of vitamin B
FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEY
1.
For
excretion
2.
For
removal of excess glucose
3.
For
maintenance of acid/base balance
4.
For
osmo-regulation of the body
FUNCTION OF THE SKIN
The skin is the
outermost layer of the mammalian body. It contains both living and death cells
and each of them has its own function. Nerves and other needed blood vessels
are also present in the skin.
Functions
1.
For protection: The layers of the
cell of the skin is for a continuous bacteria for harmful micro organism,
reduction of water loss by evaporation from the body cells.
2.
For sensitivity: The skin is
sensitive to touch, pressure, heat, cold, pain e.t.c that is the skin is
sensitive to external stimuli.
3.
For temperature
control:
Warm blood regulation as a body system
that is temperature being constant. Heat losts and gain through graduate
correction, evaporation, etc.
4.
For excretion of waste products
5.
Production
of vitamin D
6.
Production
of milk in female animals
7.
For
storage of preserved food
Write short notes on
the lungs and their functions
The lung is located in the thoracic
cavity. The atmospheric oxygen passes through the nostrils, the pharynx,
larynx, or voice box bronchi and to the lungs. The movement of oxygen through
these organs family terminates in the alveoli where exchange of gases like
oxygen and carbonIVoxide take place.
FUNCTIONS
1.
It
supplies oxygen to the body cells
2.
It
helps to reduce heat load in the body
3.
It
removes carbonIVoxide from the body
4.
It
promotes gaseous exchange
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