ANATOMY
Anatomy is the study
of the structure of different organs of the body of an animal
PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology deals
with the functioning of these organs in the body of an animal.
A good knowledge of
anatomy and physiology is a good insurance in management of farm animals.
ANIMAL
REPRODUCTION TERMS
1.
Heat period: it is a period of
desire when female animal receives the male
Characteristics
a.
Reddening
or swollen vulva
b.
Slimming
discharge from the vulva which at times may be mixed up with blood
c.
Frequent
urination
d.
Wagging
of trail
e.
Restlessness
f.
Mounting
and being mounted
2.
Mating: Mating is the coming together of male and
female animals in sexual intercourse
3.
Service: It is a term used to describe mating in
cattle, sheep, goat and pig. In fowl topping is used. Treading is used in duck.
4.
Heat Repeat: This is when an
animal comes on heat at specific interval depending on the type of animal if
not served or service does not hold.
5.
Heat Return: This is when an
animal comes on heat 3 to 4 weeks after parturition.
6.
Parturition: is the act of giving
birth to young one in farm animal. In cattle, it is called calving while in pig
it is called farrowing in rabbit, it is called kindling.
7.
Lactation: it is a period of
nursing and feeding the young one with breast milk
8.
Colostrums: it is the milk
produced by the mother animal in the first to third day after parturition. It
is yellowish in colour and has a sour taste.
IMPORTANT
OF COLOSTRUM
a.
It
has a laxative effect which allow the young one to pass out the first faeces
know as foetal dung
b.
It
contains antibiotic which gives the animals active immunity. An active immunity
is the type of immunity that is built within the animal body. It is also called
natural immunity. A passive immunity is the one built throughout the use of
drug.
9.
Gestation period: It is the period
between conception and birth or period between fertilization and birth. It is
simply known as period of pregnancy.
Animals
|
Gestation
period
|
Pig (sew) (female
pig)
|
116 days (3 months
3 weeks 3 days)
|
Ewe (female sheep)
|
147 days
|
cow
|
283 days
|
Rabbit (doe)
|
1 month
|
10.
Oestrus cycle: it is the interval from the end of one heat
period to the beginning of another period
Animals
|
Oestrus
cycle
|
cow
|
20-21 days
|
Ewe
|
17-21 days
|
Goat (doe)
|
17-21 days
|
Sew
|
14-28 day
|
Rabbit (doe)
|
Erratic
|
REPRODUCTION
IN FARM ANIMALS
There are two types
of reproduction:
a.
Sexual
reproduction
b.
A
sexual reproduction
Sexual
reproduction
Sexual reproduction
involves the coming together of male and female animal in sexual intercourse to
produce an offspring and there are two groups of animals that are of
agricultural importance. They are:
a.
Mammal
b.
Birds
MALE
REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN
The most
important part of the male reproductive organs are the two test which produce the spermatozoa. The
spermatozoa is the male reproductive sex cell needed for fertilization. It is
produced under a constant temperature of about 33-340c. This
spermatozoa becomes concentrated and matured after 7-9 days in the epidydimis.
The epidydimis is the part of the man reproduction organ from where the sperm
is transport through the sperm duct to the uterus masculinus for further
maturity and ready for ejaculation.
The
uterus masculinus and the bladder both opens in a common duct the urethra, this
allows both urine and sperm to pass through. Other necessary sex glands are
cowpers gland, prostate gland e.t.c They produce seminal fluid which mixes with
the sperm to form semen. The fluid which mixes with the sperm to form semen
helps to clear urine which is toxic to the sperm or the semen that can kill
it.
FEMALE
REPRODUCTION ORGAN
This is different
from male reproduction organ because it is located inside the body cavity
except the vulva. The female reproductive organ consist of ovaries and tubular
genitalia.
This later consists
of fallopian tube, vagina, vestibule, vulva e.t.c
OVARIES
They produce the
female reproductive cell (egg or ova). The production of eggs begins before
birth but the appearance of ovary depends on egg, stages of reproductive cycle
and the type of animal. The ovary remains in the cell until puberty when it
begins to develop.
PUBERTY
It is a
stage in animal development when physiological changes relating to reproduction
begin to appear in female animal, such changes include:
1.
Egg
development
2.
Ovulation
3.
Heat
behavior e.t.c
In male
animal, the changes include:
1.
Formation
of spermatozoa
2.
Growing
urge to meet female animal
3.
Development
of necessary sex organs
REPRODUCTIVE
HORMONES
Hormones are
chemical substances produced by organs of the body of an animal and they help
to speed up or hasten physiological processes, they include the following:
1.
Testoterone: It is produced by
the seminiferrus tubular or the cell of the testes. This hormone stimulates the
development of male secondary sexual characteristics. It also helps in the
transportation of spermatozoa, protein synthesis and nitrogen retention.
2.
Oestrogen: It is produced by
the follicle formed by germinal epithelium of the ovary. It also stimulates the
formation of female secondary sexual characteristics. It also increase blood
supply and water content in the uterus. It increases the secretion of mucor in
the whole reproductive tract. It also stimulates the growth of mammary gland.
3.
Oxytoxin: Oxytoxin promotes
the sperm transportation in the female reproductive tract. It also helps in the
contraction of wall of the uterus at labour. It can also help in the release of
milk from the mammary gland.
4.
Relaxin: Relaxin is produced
by the ovary and it causes the relaxation of the pelvic ligament at the time to
parturition.
5.
Luteinizing
hormoene:
It causes the rapture of the follicle and subsequent release of ova that is
ovulation. It also stimulates the secretion of hormones such as oestrogen and
progesterone.
6.
Progesterone/pregnancy
hormone:
It ensures the development of the uterus and implantation of the fertilized
ovum. It causes the development of the alveoli in the mammary gland. It ensures
the continuity of the pregnancy.
Assignment
1.
State
five similarities between reproduction in birds and mammals
2.
In
a tabular form, state five differences each between the reproduction in birds
and mammals.
Process
of Reproduction
There are three types of mating:
1.
Pasture Mating: Pasture mating is
done at random in the field as the need arises.
2.
Hand Mating: It is a type of mating
that is controlled
Pasture mating and
hand mating are examples of natural mating.
3.
Artificial
insemination:
This involves the introduction of semen into the reproductive tract of a female
animal by man with a special instrument called inseminator.
ADVANTAGES
i.
It
is cheaper to import semen or sperm than the male animal
ii.
The
sperm collected can be used to fertilize many female animals of various sizes
iii.
It
is more economical as it reduces the cost of feeding and management of male
animal
iv.
Sperm
or semen can be used over a long time even after the death of the male animal
After
mating, fertilization occurs half way down the oviduct. Fertilization is the
fusion or union of male and female gametes to form a zygote. Thereafter, the
zygote enters the uterus and attaches itself to the wall of the uterus. This is
called IMPLANTATION. By this time,
zygote has developed into an embryo consisting of the number of cells which
later arrange themselves into:-
i.
The
endoderm
ii.
The
mesoderm
iii.
The
ectoderm
These
differentiated cells undergo rapid cells division to form the tissues and
organs of the body
1.
The Ectoderm: The ectoderm
develops to form the skin and the nervous system.
2.
The Ectoderm: The mesoderm
develops to form the muscles, blood, bone and connecting tissue.
3.
The Ectoderm: The endoderm
develops to form the gut or alimentary canal. This development will continue
until a new individual is formed. The new embryo will be enclosed inside a
membrane called amnio that contains amniotic fluid the amino is in turn
surrounded by a membrane called chorion. The urinary bladder enlarges to
form the allantois that is filled with the urine of the foetus. This membrane
allows or keeps the temperature of the foetus warn and prevent mechanical
injury.
FEEDING
OF THE EMBRYO
The
placenta through the umblical cord form a link between the mother and the
developing embryo. Dissolved food nutrients from the mother’s blood diffuse
through the placenta to the developing embryo. The oxygen in the mother’s blood
also diffuses into the blood circulatory system of the foetus. The oxygen is
then used inside the cells to break down food substances to release energy for
the use of the embryo or of the foetus. The resultant waste product of the
metabolism diffuses back into the mother’s blood where they are eliminated.
ABORTION
If the foetus is
ejected before completing its development an abortion or premature birth is
said to have occurred.
PARTURITION
Parturition
marks the end of pregnancy and it is the release of young animal from the
mother’s womb to the outside world or the act of giving birth to an offspring.
The preparatory stage is called labour and the following are signs of approaching parturition:
1.
Restlessness
2.
Pain
3.
Sagging
under (flapping breast)
4.
Secretion
of milky fluid by the mammary gland
5.
Redness
and enlarged vulva
6.
Animal
seek seclusion
The wall
of the abdomen and the uterus contracts to force the foetus and placenta
against the cervix thereby breaking the water bag. As this contraction continues
the foetus is expelled through the birth canal and it is followed shortly after
wall by the placenta.
EGG
FORMATION
Unlike mammal, hen has one functioning
ovary. The organ in which egg is formed is called ovary and the oviduct.
A typical ovary is situated at the left hand side of the body of a hen. Ovary
can be seen as a yellowish clusters of cell of various sizes, have the shape of
a grape. Each ovum is attached to ovary by a slender stalk that is called
follicle stalk and enclosed in a thin membrane called vitallile. The ovum and
its vitallile membrane are in turn enclosed in a thin envelop called follicle.
MECHANISM
OF EGG FORMATION
As a
result of external stimuli the anterior and posterior section of the pituitary
gland are stimulated to produce three hormones namely:
1.
Follicle stimulating hormone
2.
Luteinizing
hormone
3.
Lactogenic
hormone
FOLLICLE
STIMULATING HORMONE
1. It causes growth and maturation of the
ovary
2. Luthelisign hormone: It causes ovulation
in birds
3. Lactogenic hormone: It causes broodiness
During
ovulation, the yoke rupture along the line where there is no blood vessel
called suture line or stigma. The yoke is grabbed by the mouth of the oviduct
and passes through the rest of the oviduct by a peristaltic action of the wall
of the oviduct. If the hen had previously mated, sperm cell will be present in
the oviduct and fertilization takes place in the funnel region.
As the
yolk passes through the oviduct various parts of the egg are added as follows:
1.
Magnum: in the magnum, the
yolk spends three hours and in the magnum it acquires the mass of thick white
or albumen which makes up about half of the total egg. Chalaza is also acquired
in the magnum.
2.
Isthmus: This is where the
egg membrane is secreted and the shape of the egg is determined in the isthmus.
3.
Uterus (Shell gland): The yoke spends
18-20hrs in the uterus and this is where it spends the longest time at the end
the remainder of the white egg (albumen) is added. The egg is also shelled up.
Pigment is also secreted and bloom which is the moist antisceptic substance
covering newly laid egg.
4.
Vagina: In the vagina the
egg spends between 10-15 minutes before it is passed into the rectum where
bacteria action is prevented. From the rectum it is passed on the cloaca where
the egg is expelled and laid through the vent.
MAMMARY
GLAND
The
mammary gland differs in farm animals, for example: there are glands in sheep
and goat, four glands, in cattle and twelve to thirteen gland in pig, dog and
rat. A fully matured udder is covered outside by skin and consist of the
component parts.
1.
Alveoli: In the alveoli, the
milk is synthesized and secreted and it is also called the store house of milk.
2.
Duct system: This is the passage
way of milk and the milk is ejected from the alveoli when the cell is
contracted.
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