How To Acquire Power Through Self Development

It is the natural right of every human being to be happy to escape all the miseries of life.

Happiness is the normal condition, as natural as the landscapes and the seasons.

It is unnatural to suffer and it is only because of our ignorance that we do suffer.

Happiness is the product of wisdom.

To attain perfect wisdom, to comprehend fully the purpose of life, to realize completely the relationship of human beings to each other, is to put an end to all suffering, to escape every ill and evil that afflicts us.




Perfect wisdom is unshadowed joy.

Why do we suffer in life? Because in the scheme of nature we are being forced forward in evolution and we lack the spiritual illumination that alone can light the way and enable us to move safely among the obstacles that lie before us.

Usually we do not even see or suspect the presence of trouble until it suddenly leaps upon us like a concealed tiger.

One day our family circle is complete and happy.

A week later death has come and gone and joy is replaced with agony.

Today we have a friend. Tomorrow he will be an enemy and we do not know why.

A little while ago we had wealth and all material luxuries.

There was a sudden change and now we have only poverty and misery and yet we seek in vain for a reason why this should be.

There was a time when we had health and strength; but they have both departed and no trace of a reason appears.

Aside from these greater tragedies of life innumerable things of lesser consequence continually bring to us little miseries and minor heartaches.

We most earnestly desire to avoid them but we never see them until they strike us, until in the darkness of our ignorance we blunder upon them.

The thing we lack is the spiritual illumination that will enable us to look far and wide, finding the hidden causes of human suffering and revealing the method by which they may be avoided; and if we can but reach illumination the evolutionary journey can be made both comfortably and swiftly.

It is as though we must pass through a long, dark room filled with furniture promiscuously scattered about.

In the darkness our progress would be slow and painful and our bruises many.

But if we could press a button that would turn on the electric light we could then make the same journey quickly and with perfect safety and comfort.

The old method of education was to store the mind with as many facts, or supposed facts, as could be accumulated and to give a certain exterior polish to the personality.

The theory was that when a man was born he was a completed human being and that all that could be done for him was to load him up with information that would be used with more or less skill, according to the native ability he happened to be born with.

The theosophical idea is that the physical man, and all that constitutes his life in the physical world, is but a very partial expression of the self; that in the ego of each there is practically unlimited power and wisdom; that these may be brought through into expression in the physical world as the physical body and its invisible counterparts, which together constitute the complex vehicle of the ego's manifestation, are evolved and adapted to the purpose; and that in exact proportion that conscious effort is given to such self-development will spiritual illumination be achieved and wisdom attained.

Thus the light that leads to happiness is kindled from within and the evolutionary journey that all are making may be robbed of its suffering.

Why does death bring misery? Chiefly because it separates us from those we love.

The only other reason why death brings grief or fear is  because we do not understand it and comprehend the part it plays in human evolution.

But the moment our ignorance gives way to comprehension such fear vanishes and a serene happiness takes its place.

Why do we have enemies from whose words or acts we suffer?

Because in our limited physical consciousness we do not perceive the unity of all life and realize that our wrong thinking and doing must react upon us through other people a situation from which there is no possible escape except through ceasing to think evil and then patiently awaiting the time when the causes we have already generated are fully exhausted.

When spiritual illumination comes, and we no longer stumble in the night of ignorance, the last enemy will disappear and we shall make no more forever.

Why do people suffer from poverty and disease?

Only because of our blundering ignorance that makes their existence possible for us, and because we do not comprehend their meaning and their lessons, nor know the attitude to assume toward them.

Had we but the wisdom to understand why they come to people, why they are necessary factors in their evolution, they would trouble us no longer.

When nature's lesson is fully learned these mute teachers will vanish.

And so it is with all forms of suffering we experience.

They are at once reactions from our ignorant blunderings and instructors that point out the better way.

When we have comprehended the lessons they teach they are no longer necessary and disappear.

It is not by the outward  acquirement of facts that men become wise and great.

It is by developing the soul from within until it illuminates the brain with that flood of light called genius.

Have a wonderful day.

The Production Process Of Cocoa

Botanical name: Theobroma cacao
Origin:  South Africa, Brazil
Climatic and soil requirement:  Sunlight
Sunlight:  Cocoa requires a lot of sunlight for photosynthesis
Rainfall:  1000mm – 3000mm of rainfall per annum (annually)
Temperature:  About 25.50c with a daily variation of + 10 or – 100c and relative humidity must be high.
Soil requirement:  As a dicotyledonous crop cocoa requires a deep well drained soil that is free from hard pan.
Nursery: Cocoa seeds are usually grown/raised in polythene bag or other plastic containers at the nursery after which it is transplanted to field.
          Before cocoa seedlings are transplanted to the field there is need to cut the trees on the field and replace them with plant that provide shade for the seedlings.
Plants that can be used to provide shade include cocoyam, plantain, banana. These plants are used to provide shade because:
1.   They are easy to establish and eradicate
2.   They serve economic purpose
3.   They compete as little as possible with the main crop
Mulching: When cocoa seeds are sown in the polythene bag at nursery, there is need to mulch it to conserve soil moisture, to control erosion and to add more manure to the soil.
During mulching, give a gap of about 15cm radius to the base of the plant to prevent insects and other micro-organism from attacking the plants.
Transplanting:  Transplanting of cocoa seedlings to the field is done around June to July.
Spacing: The spacing required is 8.1m by 3.1m
Prunning: Pruning is done to control plant size by removing unwanted growth from the plants.
Sometimes, pruning is done to regenerate old trees, but it must be done carefully to avoid unnecessary injury to the plants and after prunning paint the cut surface to prevent attack of micro organisms.     
Weed Control:  Weeding can be done by using human labour or herbicides, it can also be controlled by plants by centrosema, calopogonium, puereria.
Fertilizer Application: If transplanting is done in June, apply ammonium suplhate in ring form in September. Do the same or repeat this process in the second and third year, discourage ring application after formation of canopy and do broadcast. Always weed before broadcasting.
Maturity and flowering: Flowering begins 3-5 years after transplanting, cocoa matures in 130 to 150 days from the time of flowering.
Harvesting: Harvesting is done when the pods are beginning to lose chlorophyll/ turning fellow. Harvesting is done fortnightly or every two weeks, unhealthy pods must be discarded during harvesting, cutlass or harvesting knife can be used to harvest cocoa.
Processing:
Stage 1:
Break the pod and remove the beans
Stage 2: Ferment the cocoa beans so as to
1.   Make drying easy
2.   Kill the embryo to stop germination
3.   Help remove musilage
4.   Develop flavor, aroma and colour
TYPES OF FERMENTATION
1.   Heap Fermentation: Put the beans in hole laid with banana leaves, cover with leaves and put heavy sticks over it, three days after open up and mix the beans together and cover with leaves again. After another three days repeat the process, leave it for three days after which you remove the beans from the hole for sun drying.
2.   Basket fermentation: This type of fermentation is the same as heap fermentation but basket is used as container instead of hole
3.   Sweat Box Fermentation: Here, three boxes are needed, cocoa beans are removed from each box at interval of three days after three days in the third box cocoa beans are removed for sundrying.
4.   Tray Method Fermentation: Here, fermentation is faster; usually it is over in four days. Trays with perforation underneath are arranged over each other but the last tray is not perforated and contains no beans. Apart from being fast, it does not require mixing of beans together.
DRYING
There are two methods of drying
a.    Natural Drying: In natural method of drying cocoa beans are put on slabs or tray and exposed to sunlight
b.   Artificial Drying: Artificial drying involves the use of Cameroun dryer to dry cocoa beans.
Grading: The present grade of cocoa is grade I and II
Grade I: They have 3% slaty beans less than 3% mould beans and less than 30% of other defectives.
Grade II: They have less than 5% slaty beans less than 5% mould beans and less than 5% of other defectives
Slaty beans are cocoa beans that are not properly fermented and they are blank in colour. 

    DISEASES OF COCOA
1.   Swollen shoot: it is a viral disease transmitted by meal bug
Symptoms: it appears 6 months after infection on the leaves
The vein becomes reddish, swells and noticed on the shoot of the plant where the attack is severe
Control:
i.             Use resistance variety
ii.           Eliminate the vector
2.   Black pod: it is caused by fungus (phytophthora palmvera)
It is usually high in areas with high rainfall
Symptoms:
1.   Small brown spot with irregular shape on pods which increases in size and gradually covers with white moulds.
Control:-
1.   Remove and discard infected pod
2.   Weed regularly
3.   Spray with copper based chemical

PESTS OF COCOA
1.   Myrids: It is a piercing and sucking insect and the most serious pest of cocoa. It kills young plants and causes damage to matured ones.
Control:
i.     Use chemical to spray the farm every five days because the myrid’s egg hatch in cooca and they lay their eggs every four hours
ii.   Practice farm hygiene
iii.  Shade management: This helps to reduce myrids occurrence, myrids feed in the night and rest during the day. Therefore, the shade brings darkness to the insects and stop the feeding.

USES OF COCOA
i.     It is used in making beverages
ii.   It is used for making cocoa butter
iii.  For making cocoa wine
iv.  For making soap
v.    For making cocoa polish
vi.  For making chocolate

RUBBER PRODUCTION
Botanical name: Hevea braziliensis
It is the best latex producing crop
Rainfall: not less than 200cm because the commercial product of rubber is water based. All other factors such as relative humidity, topography, altitude and soil affects rubber just like cocoa. 
Land Preparation: Trees of the field where rubber will be cultivated should be cut because rubber does not require shade on the field. Remove the roots and stump so as to avoid root diseases

Cover Crops: Cover crops can be established before or immediately after planting

Rubber passes through pre-nursery before transplanting, In the nursery, budding takes place and the following materials are used for budding:
a)    Budding knife
b)   Budding tape
c)    Bud of the plant
Post – planting operation
i.     Avoid the use of herbicides with seedlings because late flow could be affected with the use of herbicides
ii.           Establish cover crops
iii.          Carry out mulching
iv.          Supply water if need be
v.            Pruning
vi.          Apply recommended fertilizer e.g. N.P.K 15:15:15
vii.         Regular control of pests and diseases

Propagation
1.   Vegetative propagation is done around March to April or at the beginning rainy season
Pre-nursery is carried out between August and October
Nursery is done nine months after pre-nursery

Spacing:  4m by 5m
LATEX VESSEL
These are excretory vessels located at the cortex on the tree.
Stone cell:  These are new cells which cannot assume excretory function.
Sieve:  These are structures which are meant to sieve the latex
Renewed bark: Tapping of rubber is a controlled and scientific wounding to the bark.
If the bark does not regenerate tapping is not possible. Rubber has ability to heal the wound, after healing, the bark that is formed is called renewed bark.
Latex flow:  Generally, latex decreases from the trunk below the leafy branches. The velocity of latex flow is higher in the middle bark i.e. the older the virgin bark the better.
The first renewed bark yield more than the subsequent bark are the same height of tapping.
Rubber Tapping:
TAPPING PANEL SYSTEM
The direction of flow of latex is found to run from right to the left.