Cultivation And Production Of Oil Palm In Agriculture

Family name: Palmate

Oil palm is a native of West Africa. It is mainly produced in Edo, cross river, Delta, Ogun,Oyo, Osun, Ondo, Ebonyi, Ekiti, Imo etc.

Botanical name: (Eleazis guinensis)

VARIETIES

1.   Dura: It has a thin mesocarp, thick endocarp with large kernel

2.   Tenera: It has thick mesocarp, thin endocarp and a medium sized kernel

3.   Pisifera: it has thick mesocarp, endocarp and small kernel

SOIL AND CLIMATE REQUIREMENT

Soil: Oil palm requires deep loamy soil that is rich in humus and plant nutrient. This soil must be slightly acidic with P^H 4.5 – 6.0.

Climate:  Oil palm requires temperature about 27⁰c- 32⁰c and rainfall of about 150cm – 400cm and must be evenly distributed.

LAND PREPARATION

The land preparation is clear, plough and harrow to make it ready for planting.

METHOD OF PROPAGATION

          Oil palm is mainly propagated sexually i.e. by seed, only seeds are raised into seedlings.

Transplanting is carried out 9 months after planting in the nursery. There are two methods:-

1.   Ball of earth

2.   Naked root

Planting Date: Transplanting of oil palm begins at the beginning of raining seasons i.e. from March-may/June.

CULTURAL PRACTICES

1.   Mulching

2.   Watering

3.   Pruning

4.   Planting of leguminous crops

5.   Control of pest and diseases

6.   Manuring or application of fertilizer   

Weeding:  Weeding is done mechanically or manual. It can also be done chemically by using spray.

MATURITY

Oil palm may start to bear fruit 2-4 years after plating especially the new varieties and there are some that can take 3-7 years depending on the varieties.

HARVESTING

Oil palm can be harvested as soon as the fruit is ripe. It is done by using cutlass, axe and sickle.

PROCESSING OF PALM OIL

This must be done with minimum delay, processing involve the following steps.

1.   Removal of the fruits from the bunch: The removal is known as striping.

2.   Sterilization: This is the boiling of the fruits so as to make for easy extraction. It also helps to kill microorganism and pathogens that may be present. It also helps to step a chising of the enzyme lipid whose activity when allowed to contribute result in more formation of free fatty acid (F.F.A). Sterilization can be done in drum.

3.   Milling: This is the pounding of the fruits and the purpose is to separate the mescocrap from the shell.

4.   Separation: This is the removal of kernel from the pounded mass or mesocarp

5.   Extraction: The pounded mass is loaded into the press for oil extraction. If it is too dry add water to the mass. There are various types of press which include:

A.   Hydraulic press

B.Centrifugal press

6.   Clarification: The extracted oil is separated from water by boiling. frying is done after clarification so as to explore or dry out the water present

7.   Classification:

Soft oil: It has low free fatty acids

Hard oil: it has high free fatty acid

Special oil: It has no trace of free fatty acid

The amount of FFA in any class of oil depends on:

Method of processing

Harvesting/processing

8.   Carotene:  This is responsible for the yellow colourization of oil. This carotene are not present in groundnut therefore types of carotene present in oil

a.    Alpha carotene

b.   Beta carotene

c.    Gamma carotene

9.       Use of Oil Palm

a.    Palm kernel: Two main products are obtained from palm kernel. They are Palm Kernel oil and Palm Kernel Cake.

b.   Palm wine: Contains yeast

c.    Palm frond: For making shed

d.   Bunch refuse: Soap making fuel  

It can be used as food for making margarine

It is used in shell industries lubricant

Palm kernel oil (PKO)

Palm kernel milk (PKM)  

ESSENTIAL PRECAUTIONS IN PROCESSING

a.    Don’t wound the fruit during harvesting, during transporting into the mill.

b.   Fruit must be harvested immediately they are ripe

c.    There should be minimum interval between ripping and harvesting

d.   The processing method must ensure that material remain a high temperature to be inactive. They are inactivated at 60⁰c

e.    Processed oil must be stored in clean, dry and sterilized containers.

Diseases and pests

1.   Brown germ disease: This is the most common diseases of oil palm

Symptom: Brown spots appear and spread on tissues of the plants, the affected tissue become sliming and get rot fast.

2.   Anthrocrose: The disease  is caused by

Symptom: Black rectrotic:- condition of the leaves. It is usually in the nursery and pre-nursery disease.

All the fungi causing diseases are always weakly parasite are:

Control: Adequate sanitation

Pests

1.   Rodent

2.   Grasshopper

3.   Cricket

4.   Termites

5.   Abbles

6.   Man

FIBRE CROPS

Fibre crops are second important to food crops. They form an integral part of national economy.
Fibre crops include, jute, cotton, sisal, kenaf, cotton and flex. There are two major categories of fibres which are:-

1.   Natural fibre

2.   Synthetic fibre

The Greenhouse And Its Effects In 3 Ways Explained

Global warming and the greenhouse effects are two ideas that are always tied together. It is commonly thought that the greenhouse effect is a direct result of global warming. 

When you look deeper into it, you'll find out that the greenhouse effect is a different problem all together. It is both a cause and an effect of man's disregard to Mother Nature.

 
The greenhouse effect is the process where heat and gases are trapped in the earth's atmosphere causing an increase in the earth's temperature. 

Because there are too much greenhouse gases on the earth's atmosphere, more heat is trapped on the earth's surface. The accumulation of too much heat affects the earth in many ways. Here are some of the results of the greenhouse effect.

1. Melting of ice caps and glaciers
When ice caps and glaciers melt, it will raise the sea levels in alarming heights. If ice continues to melt through the coming years, there is a danger that some islands may be well under water a few years from now. 

According to studies, the melting of ice caps can have an effect on the ecosystem. When these ices melt and go into the ocean, it will make the ocean less salty than it should be. Desalinization of bodies of water will have an effect on ocean current and temperature. 

As the ice melt in the arctic area, the place will get warmer and some species living there might be endangered because of the sudden rise in temperature and other changes in the environment. To top it all off, when ice caps are gone, the effects of global warming may double, if not triple. Ice caps help make the earth cooler. 

With them gone, there wouldn't be anything more to cool the earth's temperature and global warming would worsen.

 
2. Climate Change
The earth follows some weather patterns. With the greenhouse effect, the climate patterns of the earth may change. There may be greater and longer periods of rainfalls or longer periods of drought.

For the past years, a number of hurricanes and typhoons had caused too much destruction on different areas like Northern America and Asia.

Who would even forget about Hurricane Katrina that caused billions of damages in the United States and Ketsana that took many lives and dreams of Asians. Droughts and heat waves would also increase in frequency and intensity. 

Right now, problems of drought are already severe in some areas of the world like Africa. It can still get worse because of global warming.

 
3. Diseases
Because of rapid climate changes, there is a great possibility for development of various new diseases you can imagine COVID-19 and worsening of known diseases. 

This will not only be because of rapid climate changes but it may also be because of migration of different species to areas that are suitable to them. Animals would migrate to areas where they are comfortable living. 

If changes in their ecosystem happen, they'll find a new place to live in. There are chances that as they travel, they will bring with them illnesses and cause the spread of plagues and transfer of diseases to human beings. 

There is still something that can be done to alleviate global warming and the greenhouse effect but it will take great efforts to do so. If we start today, we'll still be able to stop these drastic effects. Stay safe and have a wonderful day.